Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory condition that primarily affects the spine and sacroiliac joints, where the spine meets the pelvis. Over time, this inflammation can lead to pain, stiffness, and even fusion of the vertebrae, causing a loss of flexibility in the spine. The name comes from the Greek words meaning “stiffening” (ankylosis) and “inflammation of the spine” (spondylitis).
What Happens in Ankylosing Spondylitis?
- Inflammation:
- AS starts with inflammation in the joints and ligaments of the spine and pelvis.
- Pain and Stiffness:
- This inflammation leads to discomfort, particularly in the lower back, hips, and buttocks.
- Bone Fusion (Ankylosis):
- In severe cases, the body tries to heal the inflammation by forming new bone, leading to fusion of the vertebrae. This results in a stiff, immobile spine, sometimes referred to as a “bamboo spine.”
Symptoms of Ankylosing Spondylitis
- Chronic Back Pain:
- Pain is often worse in the morning or after periods of inactivity but improves with movement.
- Stiffness:
- Especially in the lower back and hips, often accompanied by a feeling of tightness.
- Reduced Flexibility:
- Difficulty bending or twisting due to spinal rigidity.
- Pain in Other Areas:
- Can include the shoulders, chest, or heels.
- Fatigue:
- Chronic inflammation may lead to low energy levels and tiredness.
- Eye Inflammation (Uveitis):
- Redness, pain, and sensitivity to light can occur in some patients.
Who Is Affected?
- Age:
- Symptoms typically begin in late adolescence or early adulthood (ages 15–35).
- Gender:
- More common in men but can also affect women.
- Genetics:
- Strongly associated with the HLA-B27 gene, although not everyone with this gene develops AS.